Frida Kahlo’s posthumous triumph; mystery over Malcolm X deepens; a bit of Guatemala in Indiana; remembering JFK; the intricate art of tea
|  | Monday, November 22, 2021 | | | | |
| In today’s newsletter, Frida Kahlo’s posthumous triumph; a Malcolm X mystery deepens; remembering JFK; a bit of Guatemala in Indiana … and the intricate art of tea. | |
 | | PHOTOGRAPH VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS | | By Debra Adams Simmons, Executive Editor, History & Culture
More than a century after U.S. soldiers massacred hundreds of Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee, a movement is underway demanding that medals granted to the soldiers who participated be rescinded.
In December 1890, 500 U.S. soldiers killed at least 300 Lakota people to try to silence Native Americans whose lives were being upended by white settlement. Twenty of the soldiers would receive the Medal of Honor, the U.S. military’s highest and most prestigious commendation.
President Joe Biden is being pushed by members of Congress to revoke the medals awarded to the soldiers who participated in the massacre, among many historical atrocities of which the U.S. is being forced to reckon. In January 2021, the South Dakota state Senate passed a bill that called on the U.S. Congress to open an official inquiry into the medals. Many expect Biden to rescind the medals, a position he has supported in the past.
The Ghost Dance Movement, which began in the 1870s and prayed for the rise of Native Americans and the demise of white men, gave hope to Plains Indians whose lives had been upended by white settlement. The movement took on special significance for the Lakota people of North and South Dakota, Erin Blakemore writes for National Geographic. During a few decades they had lost more than 58 million acres of their land and were forced to share what was left among multiple tribes and bands. By 1889, they had been split into five separate reservations in North and South Dakota. (Below, a re-enactment of the Ghost Dance in 1898.)
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 | | PHOTOGRAPH BY ADOLPH F. MUHR, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS | | Convinced the movement posed a threat to whites, the U.S. Army banned Ghost Dance ceremonies on all reservations. When Lakota Chief Sitting Bull, known for taking down Lt. Col. George Custer and his army at the Battle of Little Bighorn, was confronted and refused to be silenced, he was killed along with hundreds of men, women, and children.
"The U.S. Army recovered its own dead but left the Lakota victims to freeze during the three-day blizzard that followed. Before flinging the frozen bodies into a mass grave, many soldiers stripped the Lakota naked, saving their ghost shirts as souvenirs,” Blakemore writes.
American newspapers portrayed the massacre as a necessary battle; white settlers celebrated it as a victory over a warlike people. Native Americans interpreted the massacre as a sign that the U.S. government would stop at nothing to eradicate them. “I did not know then how much was ended,” wrote Black Elk, a Lakota medicine man who survived the massacre. “The nation’s hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.”
It would be the last large skirmish in a century of armed conflict between Native Americans and American troops. Wounded Knee became a rallying cry for activists (pictured at top in 1973) who point out how centuries of land theft, broken treaties, and forced assimilation affected Native Americans. In 1990, Congress formally apologized for the slaughter.
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| Who killed Malcolm X? The official history of one of the most notorious murders of the civil rights era was rewritten last week, when two of the men convicted in the killing were exonerated. As the New York Times reports, historians long have cast doubt on the case against Muhammad A. Aziz and Khalil Islam. The men spent decades in prison for the 1965 slaying.
A new record: One of Frida Kahlo’s final self-portraits fetched nearly $35 million in a Sotheby’s auction. The 1949 painting, “Diego y yo,” depicts the artist and then-husband Diego Rivera. Her piece is now the most expensive work by a Latin American artist, surpassing Rivera’s “The Rivals,” which sold for $9.8 million in 2018, CBS News reports.
Dressed for the occasion: Deb Haaland, the first Native American to serve as Interior Secretary, went to last week’s White House Tribal Nation’s summit prepared. In a tweet, the former New Mexico member of Congress led with her feet: | | | |
| Still on the books: Ingrid Selders wanted to know if her Kansas City-area neighborhood allowed chickens in backyards. Her search showed something else: Homeownership by Black people prohibited. Restrictive racial covenants remain in many neighborhoods across the nation, despite rulings banning discrimination, an NPR investigation finds. Subscribers can read this Nat Geo account of an enclave of Black homeowners in New York—and the racial disparity in homeownership nationwide.
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 | | PHOTOGRAPH BY GEORGE F. MOBLEY, NAT GEO IMAGE COLLECTION | | In remembrance: Jackie Kennedy and her five-year-old daughter Caroline kneel at the coffin of President John F. Kennedy in Washington, D.C. After his assassination in Dallas on November 22, 1963, an estimated 250,000 people paid their respects as the president lay in state at the U.S. Capitol for 21 hours. Last month, the White House delayed release of secret reports about the assassination, citing delays because of COVID-19.
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 | PHOTOGRAPH BY ANDREA BRUCE
| | | From Guatemala to Indiana: Migrants over the centuries have transported parts of their culture across borders. So, it perhaps shouldn’t surprise that modern-day Guatemalan migrants have done the same thing on a stretch of the Hoosier state, Nat Geo reports. It was evident during a recent basketball tourney in the town of Seymour (pictured above)—all the players were from the local Chuj community, Indigenous Maya immigrants from a remote northern Guatemalan region nearly 4,000 miles away. Check out the images from Nat Geo Explorer Andrea Bruce. | | | |
 | | PHOTOGRAPH BY REBECCA HALE | |
| ‘While you live, shine’: Those words, translated from the ancient Greek, are the first musical lyrics known. And yet, Nat Geo’s Amy Briggs says in the latest episode of our podcast Overheard, the “life is fleeting, don’t waste it” theme seems so contemporary. “There's something very personal and touching about someone in ancient Greece [who] had the same concerns about living and dying and making good use of your life as we do now,” Briggs says. The episode, featuring Nat Geo Explorer Jahawi Bertolli, is about the search for ancient music and a mashup of those early sounds. It is aural joy.
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 | | BRIDGEMAN/ACI | |
| The art of tea: No, we are not talking about a witty, soft jazz album by Michael Franks in the fern-filled 1970s. We’re talking the real thing, chado, the intricate, 500-year-old Japanese art that goes way beyond brewing, serving, and drinking tea in a specialized tearoom. The 37 steps of the ceremony, which takes a decade to master, also include architecture, landscape gardening, ceramics, painting, calligraphy, flower arranging, and cooking, Nat Geo’s History magazine reports. (Above, a 19th-century illustration by Toshikata Mizuno of kimono-clad women participating in a ceremony.)
Soundtrack of the day: Eggplant, by Michael Franks, with Joe Sample and Wilton Felder
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| | Today's newsletter was curated and edited by David Beard, Monica Williams, and Heather Kim. Have an idea or link to a story you think is right down our alley? Let us know at david.beard@natgeo.com. Happy trails! | | | |
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